Genetic diversity of equid herpesvirus 5 in temporal samples from mares and their foals at three Polish national studs

Abstract

Equid herpesvirus 5 (EHV-5) comprises a group of heterogeneous viruses with a worldwide distribution. Primary infection typically occurs early in life, which is followed by latency and periodic recrudescence of the virus. The aim of this study was to determine the genetic variation of EHV-5 in individual animals over time and to determine the dynamics of EHV-5 spread among selected mare–foal pairs at three horse studs. The partial glycoprotein B (gB) gene was amplified from archival nasal swab samples. Sequences from 3–5 clones from each PCR product were compared using identity matrix, phylogeny, and medianjoining haplotype networks. Overall, 328 clones were sequenced from long PCR productsamplified from 84 EHV-5 PCR-positive swabs. The sequences were heterogeneous (89.4% to 100% nucleotide identity). The EHV-5 sequences from mares and their foals most oftenclustered separately, although similar EHV-5 sequences from the same mare–foal pair were also recovered. For some animals, the EHV-5 sequences from multiple samplingtimes clustered together, while sequences from other animals were distributed throughout the networks. Clones from the same PCR product were most often similar to each other,but divergent clones from the same PCR product were also apparent. In conclusion, the foals were likely to acquire EHV-5 infection from sources other than their dams, but someexchange of EHV-5 between mares and their foals also occurred. Some foals likely acquired EHV-5 from a single source, while others from multiple sources. These data contribute to our understanding of EHV-5 variability and the dynamics of infection in individual horses.